Silicone Definitions, History, and Uses

Silicones are a type of synthetic polymer,  a material made of smaller, repeating chemical units called monomers that are bonded together in long chains. Silicone consists of a silicon-oxygen backbone, with â€Å"sidechains† consisting of hydrogen and/or hydrocarbon groups attached to the silicon atoms. Because its backbone does not contain carbon, silicone is considered an inorganic polymer, which differs from the many organic polymers whose backbones are made of carbon. The silicon-oxygen bonds in the silicone backbone are highly stable, binding together more strongly than the carbon-carbon bonds present in many other polymers. Thus, silicone tends to be more resistant to heat than conventional, organic polymers. Silicone’s sidechains render the polymer hydrophobic, making it useful for applications that may require repelling water. The sidechains, which most commonly consist of methyl groups, also make  it difficult for silicone to react with other chemicals and prevents it from sticking to many surfaces. These properties can be tuned by changing the chemical groups attached to the silicon-oxygen backbone. Silicone in Everyday Life Silicone is durable, easy to manufacture, and stable over a wide range of chemicals and temperatures. For these reasons, silicone has been highly commercialized and is used in many industries, including  automotive, construction, energy, electronics, chemical, coatings, textiles, and personal care. The polymer also has a variety of other applications, ranging from additives to printing inks to the ingredients found deodorants. Discovery of Silicone The chemist Frederic Kipping first coined the term â€Å"silicone† to describe compounds he was making and studying in his laboratory. He  reasoned that he should be able to make compounds similar to the ones that could be made with carbon and hydrogen, since silicon and carbon shared many similarities. The formal name for describing these compounds was â€Å"silicoketone,† which he shortened to silicone. Kipping was far more interested in accumulating observations about these compounds than figuring out exactly how they worked. He spent many years preparing and naming them. Other scientists would help discover the fundamental mechanisms behind silicones. In the 1930s, a scientist from the company Corning Glass Works was trying to find a proper material to include in insulation for electrical parts. Silicone worked for the application due to its ability to solidify under heat. This first commercial development led silicone to be widely manufactured. Silicone vs. Silicon vs.  Silica Though â€Å"silicone† and â€Å"silicon† are spelled  similarly, they are not the same. Silicone contains silicon, an atomic element with an atomic number of 14. Silicon is a naturally occurring element with many uses, most notably as a  semiconductors  in electronics. Silicone, on the other hand, is manmade and does not conduct electricity, as it is an insulator.  Silicone cannot be used as part of a chip inside a cell phone, though it is a popular material for cell phone cases. Silica, which sounds like â€Å"silicon,† refers to a molecule consisting of a silicon atom joined to two oxygen atoms. Quartz is made of silica. Types of Silicone and Their Uses There are several different forms of silicone, which vary in their degree of crosslinking. The degree of crosslinking describes how interconnected the silicone chains are, with higher values resulting in a more rigid silicone material. This variable  alters properties such as the strength of the polymer and its melting point. The forms of silicone, as well as some of their applications, include: Silicone fluids,  also called silicone oils, consist of straight chains of the silicone polymer with no crosslinking. These fluids have found use as lubricants, paint additives, and ingredients in cosmetics.Silicone gels have few crosslinks between the polymer chains. These gels have been used in cosmetics and as a topical formulation for scar tissue, since silicone forms a barrier that helps the skin stay hydrated. Silicone gels are also used as as materials for breast implants and the soft part of some shoe insoles.Silicone elastomers, also called silicone rubbers, include even more crosslinks, yielding a rubberlike material. These rubbers have found use as insulators in the electronics industry, seals in aerospace vehicles, and oven mitts for baking.Silicone resins are a rigid form of silicone and with a high crosslinking density. These resins have found use in heat-resistant coatings and as weather-resistant materials for protecting buildings. Silicone Toxicity Because silicone is chemically inert and more stable than other polymers, it is not expected to react with parts of the body. However, toxicity depends upon  factors such as exposure time, chemical composition, dose levels, type of exposure, absorption of the chemical, and the individual response.   Researchers have examined the potential toxicity of silicone by looking for effects such as skin irritation, changes in the reproductive system, and mutations. Although a few types of silicone showed potential to irritate human skin, studies have shown that exposure to standard quantities of silicone  typically produce few to no adverse effects. Key Points Silicone is a type of synthetic polymer. It has a silicon-oxygen backbone, with â€Å"sidechains† consisting of hydrogen and/or hydrocarbon groups attached to the silicon atoms.The silicon-oxygen backbone makes silicone more stable than the polymers that have carbon-carbon backbones.  Silicone is durable, stable, and easy to manufacture. For these reasons, it has been widely commercialized and is found in many everyday items.  Silicone contains silicon, which  is a naturally-occurring chemical element.The properties of silicone change as the degree of crosslinking increases. Silicone fluids, which have  no crosslinking, are the least rigid. Silicone resins, which have a high level of crosslinking, are the most rigid.   Sources Freeman, G. G. â€Å"The versatile silicones.† The New Scientist, 1958. New types of silicone resin open up wider fields of application, Marco Heuer, Paint Coatings Industry. â€Å"Silicone toxicology.† In Safety of Silicone Breast Implants, ed. Bondurant, S., Ernster, V., and Herdman, R. National Academies Press, 1999. Silicones. The Essential Chemistry Industry. Shukla, B., and Kulkarni, R. Silicone polymers: history chemistry. â€Å"The Technic explores silicones.† The Michigan Technic, vol. 63-64, 1945, pp. 17. Wacker. Silicones: Compounds and properties.

Unit 024 Essay - 3963 Words

Unit 024- Promote child and young person’s development 1.1. When assessing development some factors need to be taken into account one of these is confidentiality, this means that you will need permission from a child’s parents/carers before doing observations, also when information is wrote down about a child is important that it is kept in a safe place were only the relevant people can access it. Also making sure that information about a child is only shared with parents/carers or colleagues and professionals that have the right to know. Another factor to take into account is a child’s wishes and feelings, this means to take into account the child’s wishes when doing an observation or assessment. The child may not want to be assessed at†¦show more content†¦And also children may be rehearsed and show better behaviour. Filming- For: More information can be gained as visual nature and sound is used. Against: Children may know they are been filmed and not act themselves or change behaviour or way of play. Also the observer chooses when to record and this time may not be the typical of that child. Sound recording- For: The child’s intonation and speech pattern can be accurately recorded. Against: Child may be aware that they are been recorded and also the observer chooses when and where which can also affect the way the child acts. Information from parents and colleagues- For: Other colleagues or parents may see the children involved in different situations or activities. Against: Parent or other colleagues may be bias. 2.3- Inclusive and person centred approach means that anything involving supporting or planning for that person means they should be involved were possible. When planning for a child it should be taken into consideration what is best for the child and also how it might involve or engage the child. 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Reserch paper Free Essays

For this assignment you must develop a topic, create a thesis relevant to the topic, conduct research to support/explore your thesis, and write a 6-8 page research paper. Remember, this is a research paper, which means you’ll be employing an informational tone. If you’re exploring a controversial topic, be sure to explore both sides and remain as objective as possible. We will write a custom essay sample on Reserch paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Method: 1. First, you must choose a topic. There are links to various topic suggestions in the guidelines folder. Rely on brainstorming methods covered in class (freewriting, for example) to help you choose a topic. 2. Next, narrow your focus by developing a thesis question. For example, if your topic of choice was abortion, you could focus it by researching information about undifferentiated adult human cells, and how they are making stem-cell research unnecessary. Topic: Abortion Thesis: Will undifferentiated cells make stem-cell research obsolete, thus making scientifically condoned abortions obsolete? 3. Conduct research as discussed in class. 4. Begin your draft, providing the audience with a short history of the topic, the specific issue you plan to address (remember to remain objective and address all sides), and the details of your issue relative to your thesis focus. Paragraph-by- paragraph breakdown: Intro story (optional): some students start with a short, very short, story to draw the reader in before they start their thesis topic. For example, a student who wrote a paper about ethnic profiling starting his paper by talking about a man, Amadou Diallo, walking down the street who was pulled over by cops. The cops asked him for ID, he attempted to extract his wallet and they fired 40 rounds on him. In the next paragraph (the introductory paragraph), he began â€Å"Circumstances such as this indicate that ethnic profiling is a growing concern in our country. With the terrorist attacks of 2001, ethnic profiling is at an all time high. But is it acceptable? His thesis question: to what degree do we allow ethnic profiling for the sake of safety in our country? Paragraph 1, the introductory paragraph: introduce topic, provide thesis question Paragraph 2(optional): methodology, i. . how did you acquire your sources? Paragraph 3-: history. If you’re dealing with a current topic, how did the history of the topic develop? For example, if you were writing a paper about abortion, what has influenced the topic (court cases, religious beliefs, laws passed, etc. ) By using chronological transitions you could effectively break this section up into several paragraphs. Write no more than one page on the history of your topic. Paragraph 3 (optional): perhaps you’re dealing with only late-term abortion, in addition to the istory of the subject, you might want to detail the process by which the late-term abortion is completed (this paragraph would be dedicated to process) Paragraph 4: Begin exploring one side of the issue. Present evidence. This section of the paper could include more than one paragraph. You could dedicate a paragraph to each resource supporting one side ot the issue, tor example. No more than 11/2 pages for this section Paragraph 5: Begin exploring the other side of the issue. This section of the paper could include more than one paragraph. You could dedicate a paragraph to each resource supporting one side of the issue, for example. No more than 11/2 pages for this section Paragraph 6: Compare the data from both sides of the issue. Does any evidence from one side appear to outweigh evidence from the other side? If you’re exploring a controversial issue, elaborate one which side seems more viable. How to cite Reserch paper, Papers

Business Ethics Issues and Terminology

Question: Discuss about the Business Ethics Issues and Terminology. Answer: Introduction: The augmented focus of business ethics acts as a part of response to high-profile indignities as well as failures. Business ethics helps to provide a set of terminology as well a conceptual framework, which helps to identify ethical issues. With the help of business ethics, it is also learned that a business expects to do more and better and business ethics helps to tackle some of the pressing issues of the world. A business ethics is the appliance of ethical behavior by a business or in a business environment. The topic is important as ethics concern moral judgments of an individual related to what is right and what is wrong. The decision that is taken in an organization are mostly made by individuals as well as groups but whoever makes the decision will be inclined by the ethnicity of the Company. Ethical behavior as well as corporate social responsibility is known to bring advantages to the business. It helps to attract customers to the commodities of the business that in turn helps to increase its sales and revenues. Business ethics are also know to attract more investors and also to keep the share price of the company high. Conclusion: Business ethics will help me work in an honest and fair way in the organization in which I work. With the help of business ethics, I will be able to have a truthful communication with all the stakeholders both internally and externally. Sometimes while working in the organization, I ask myself that whether I treat my colleagues with dignity as well as respect. However, with the help of business ethics I will be able to treat my colleagues with integrity as well as truthfulness. A clear communication of internal and external strategies is appropriate to the stakeholders.